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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Sperm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sperm (disambiguation)">Sperm (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Sperm</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>sperm</b> or <b>sperms</b>) is the <a href="Male" title="Male">male</a> reproductive <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, or <a href="Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a>, in <a href="Anisogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisogamous">anisogamous</a> forms of <a href="Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> (forms in which there is a larger, <a href="Female" title="Female">female</a> reproductive cell and a smaller, male one). Animals produce <a href="Motile" class="mw-redirect" title="Motile">motile</a> sperm with a tail known as a <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>, which are known as <a href="Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, while some <a href="Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> and <a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> produce non-motile sperm cells, known as <b>spermatia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plants</a> contain non-motile sperm inside <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, while some more basal plants like <a href="Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a> and some <a href="Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> have motile sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sperm cells form during the process known as <a href="Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>, which in <a href="Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> (<a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>) takes place in the <a href="Seminiferous_tubule" title="Seminiferous tubule">seminiferous tubules</a> of the <a href="Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process involves the production of several successive sperm cell precursors, starting with <a href="Spermatogonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatogonia">spermatogonia</a>, which <a href="Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiate</a> into <a href="Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocytes</a>. The spermatocytes then undergo <a href="Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, reducing their <a href="Ploidy" title="Ploidy">chromosome number</a> by half, which produces <a href="Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatids</a>. The spermatids then mature and, in animals, construct a tail, or flagellum, which gives rise to the mature, motile sperm cell. This whole process occurs constantly and takes around 3 months from start to finish.

</p><p>Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited lifespan, but after fusion with <a href="Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a> during <a href="Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, a new organism begins developing, starting as a <a href="Totipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Totipotent">totipotent</a> <a href="Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. The <a href="Human" title="Human">human</a> sperm cell is <a href="Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>, so that its 23 <a href="Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a <a href="Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> cell with 46 paired chromosomes. <a href="Mammalian_reproduction" title="Mammalian reproduction">In mammals</a>, sperm is stored in the <a href="Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a> and released through the <a href="Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> in <a href="Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> during <a href="Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>.

</p><p>The word <i>sperm</i> is derived from the Greek word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw external" title="wikt:σπέρμα">σπέρμα</a>, <i>sperma</i>, meaning "seed".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></div>

<p>It is generally accepted that <a href="Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamy</a> is the ancestor to sperm and eggs. Because there are no fossil records of the evolution of sperm and <a href="Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">eggs</a> from isogamy, there is a strong emphasis on mathematical models to understand the evolution of sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A widespread hypothesis states that sperm evolved rapidly, but there is no direct evidence that sperm evolved at a fast rate or before other male characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sperm_in_animals">Sperm in animals</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">Spermatozoon</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3></div>

<p>The main sperm function is to reach the <a href="Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a> and fuse with it to deliver two sub-cellular structures: (i) the male <a href="Pronucleus" title="Pronucleus">pronucleus</a> that contains the genetic material and (ii) the <a href="Centriole" title="Centriole">centrioles</a> that are structures that help organize the <a href="Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a> <a href="Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>.

</p><p>The nuclear DNA in sperm cells is <a href="Ploidy" title="Ploidy">haploid</a>, that is, they contribute only one copy of each paternal <a href="Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> pair. <a href="Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondria</a> in human sperm contain no or very little <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> because <a href="Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> is degraded while sperm cells are maturing, hence they typically do not contribute any genetic material to their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3></div>

<p>The mammalian sperm cell can be divided in 2 parts connected by a neck:

</p>

<ul><li>Head: contains the <a href="Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> with densely coiled chromatin fibers, surrounded anteriorly by a thin, flattened sac called the <a href="Acrosome" title="Acrosome">acrosome</a>, which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg. It also contains vacuoles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Tail: also called the <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>, is the longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail was formerly thought to move symmetrically in a <a href="Helix" title="Helix">helical shape</a>.</li>

<li>Neck: also called connecting piece contains one typical centriole and one atypical centriole such as the <a href="Proximal_centriole-like" title="Proximal centriole-like">proximal centriole-like</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman_et_al_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>midpiece</i> has a central filamentous core with many mitochondria spiralled around it, used for <a href="Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> production for the journey through the female <a href="Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, <a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, and <a href="Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a>.</li></ul>

<p>During <a href="Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, the sperm provides three essential parts to the <a href="Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a>: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the <a href="Metabolically" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolically">metabolically</a> dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal <a href="Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>; (3) the centriole, which is responsible for forming the <a href="Centrosome" title="Centrosome">centrosome</a> and <a href="Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div>

<p>The spermatozoa of <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> are produced through <a href="Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> inside the male <a href="Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> (<a href="Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>) via <a href="Meiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiotic">meiotic</a> division. The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete. The process starts with the production of <a href="Spermatogonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatogonia">spermatogonia</a> from <a href="Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cell</a> precursors. These divide and differentiate into <a href="Spermatocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatocytes">spermatocytes</a>, which undergo meiosis to form <a href="Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatids</a>. In the spermatid stage, the sperm develops the familiar tail. The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes around 60 days when it is called a <a href="Spermatozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoan">spermatozoan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammalian sperm cells are <a href="Ejaculated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculated">ejaculated</a> through the <a href="Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> in a fluid known as <a href="Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, which is produced in the <a href="Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> and <a href="Urethral_gland" title="Urethral gland">urethral glands</a>.

</p><p>In 2016, scientists at <a href="Nanjing_Medical_University" title="Nanjing Medical University">Nanjing Medical University</a> claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids from mouse <a href="Embryonic_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cells">embryonic stem cells</a> artificially. They injected these spermatids into mouse eggs and produced pups.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyranoski_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyranoski_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sperm_quality">Sperm quality</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Semen_quality" title="Semen quality">Semen quality</a></div>

<p>Sperm quantity and quality are the main parameters in semen quality, which is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish <a href="Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. Thus, in humans, it is a measure of <a href="Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> in a <a href="Man" title="Man">man</a>. The genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically <a href="Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">decrease with age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About.com_article_by_R._Gurevich_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About.com_article_by_R._Gurevich-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA double-strand breaks</a> in sperm increase with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> decreases with age suggesting that the increase in damaged DNA of sperm as men age occurs partly as a result of less efficient cell selection (apoptosis) operating during or after <a href="Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2003_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DNA damages present in sperm cells in the period after meiosis but before fertilization may be repaired in the fertilized egg, but if not repaired, can have serious deleterious effects on fertility and the developing embryo. Human sperm cells are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack and the generation of oxidative DNA damage,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26178844_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26178844-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as that from <a href="8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine" title="8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine">8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine</a>.

</p><p>The postmeiotic phase of mouse spermatogenesis is very sensitive to environmental genotoxic agents, because as male germ cells form mature sperm they progressively lose the ability to repair DNA damage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18282746_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18282746-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irradiation of male mice during late spermatogenesis can induce damage that persists for at least 7 days in the fertilizing sperm cells, and disruption of maternal DNA double-strand break repair pathways increases sperm cell-derived chromosomal aberrations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17978187_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17978187-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment of male mice with <a href="Melphalan" title="Melphalan">melphalan</a>, a bifunctional alkylating agent frequently employed in chemotherapy, induces DNA lesions during meiosis that may persist in an unrepaired state as germ cells progress through DNA repair-competent phases of spermatogenic development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25567288_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25567288-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such unrepaired DNA damages in sperm cells, after fertilization, can lead to offspring with various abnormalities.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sperm_size">Sperm size</h3></div>

<p>Related to sperm quality is sperm size, at least in some animals. For instance, the sperm of some species of fruit fly (<i><a href="Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>) are up to 5.8 cm long—about 20 times as long as the fly itself. Longer sperm cells are better than their shorter counterparts at displacing competitors from the female's seminal receptacle. The benefit to females is that only healthy males carry "good" genes that can produce long sperm in sufficient quantities to outcompete their competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_for_human_sperm">Market for human sperm</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Sperm_donation" title="Sperm donation">Sperm donation</a></div>

<p>Some <a href="Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">sperm banks</a> hold up to 170 litres (37 imp gal; 45 US gal) of sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In addition to <a href="Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, it is possible to extract sperm through <a href="Testicular_sperm_extraction" title="Testicular sperm extraction">testicular sperm extraction</a>.

</p><p>On the global market, <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> has a well-developed system of human sperm export. This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality<sup id="cite_ref-ncbio_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbio_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Nordic sperm donors tend to be tall and highly educated<sup id="cite_ref-newser_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newser-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have altruistic motives for their donations,<sup id="cite_ref-newser_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newser-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation in Nordic countries. More than 50 countries worldwide are importers of Danish sperm, including <a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbio_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) of the US has banned import of any sperm, motivated by a risk of transmission of <a href="Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a>, although such a risk is insignificant, since artificial insemination is very different from <a href="Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease#Transmission" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">the route of transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kotler_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotler-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease for donors is at most one in a million, and if the donor was a carrier, the infectious proteins would still have to cross the <a href="Blood-testis_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-testis barrier">blood-testis barrier</a> to make transmission possible.<sup id="cite_ref-kotler_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotler-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>Sperm were first observed in 1677 by <a href="Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a <a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. He described them as being <a href="Animalcule" title="Animalcule">animalcules</a> (little animals), probably due to his belief in <a href="Preformationism" title="Preformationism">preformationism</a>, which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_analysis">Forensic analysis</h3></div>

<p>Ejaculated fluids are detected by <a href="Uv_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Uv light">ultraviolet light</a>, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sperm heads, e.g. from vaginal swabs, are still detected by <a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> using the "Christmas Tree Stain" method, i.e., Kernechtrot-Picroindigocarmine (KPIC) staining.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sperm_in_plants">Sperm in plants</h2></div>

<p>Sperm cells in algal and many plant <a href="Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a> are produced in male <a href="Gametangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametangia">gametangia</a> (<a href="Antheridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antheridia">antheridia</a>) via <a href="Mitotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic">mitotic</a> division. In <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, sperm nuclei are produced inside <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MokwalaMangena2018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MokwalaMangena2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motile_sperm_cells">Motile sperm cells</h2></div>

<p>Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require a water medium in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism of <a href="Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> carried in the seminal fluid. This takes place in the <a href="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> located in the sperm's midpiece (at the base of the sperm head). These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> are referred to as <a href="Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, and are known to vary in size.

</p><p>Motile sperm are also produced by many <a href="Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> and the gametophytes of <a href="Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, <a href="Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and some <a href="Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> such as <a href="Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a> and <a href="Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgo</a>. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and <a href="Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>, cycads and ginkgo they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum).<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, the sperm cells are <a href="Amoeboid_movement" title="Amoeboid movement">amoeboid</a> and crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottino_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottino-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-motile_sperm_cells">Non-motile sperm cells</h2></div>

<p>Non-motile sperm cells called <b>spermatia</b> lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are produced in a <a href="Gametangium" title="Gametangium">spermatangium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because spermatia cannot swim, they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Some <a href="Red_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Red alga">red algae</a>, such as <i><a href="Polysiphonia" title="Polysiphonia">Polysiphonia</a></i>, produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spermatia of <a href="Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust fungi</a> are covered with a sticky substance. They are produced in flask-shaped structures containing <a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>, which attract <a href="Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> that transfer the spermatia to nearby <a href="Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">hyphae</a> for fertilization in a mechanism similar to <a href="Insect_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect pollination">insect pollination</a> in <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumbali_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumbali-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fungal spermatia (also called pycniospores, especially in the Uredinales) may be confused with <a href="Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">conidia</a>. Conidia are <a href="Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> that germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia are <a href="Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> that are required for fertilization. In some fungi, such as <i><a href="Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora crassa</a></i>, spermatia are identical to microconidia as they can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Maheshwari_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maheshwari-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sperm_nuclei">Sperm nuclei</h2></div>

<p>In almost all <a href="Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a>, including most gymnosperms and all <a href="Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>, the male gametophytes (<a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains) are the primary mode of <a href="Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a>, for example via wind or insect <a href="Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female. Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on the <a href="Stigma_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (flower)">stigma</a> of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing a <a href="Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a> through the <a href="Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a>. Before the tube reaches the <a href="Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>, the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei, which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In some <a href="Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube. <a href="Oomycete" title="Oomycete">Oomycetes</a> form sperm nuclei in a <a href="Syncytium" title="Syncytium">syncytical</a> antheridium surrounding the egg cells. The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sperm_centrioles">Sperm centrioles</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Proximal_Centriole-Like" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal Centriole-Like">Proximal Centriole-Like</a></div>

<p>Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sperm of many animals has two typical centrioles, known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole. Some animals (including humans and bovines) have a single typical centriole, the proximal centriole, as well as a second centriole with atypical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman_et_al_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mice and rats have no recognizable sperm centrioles. The fruit fly <i><a href="Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the proximal centriole-like.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sperm_tail_formation">Sperm tail formation</h2></div>

<p>The sperm tail is a specialized type of <a href="Cilium" title="Cilium">cilium</a> (aka flagella). In many animals the sperm tail is formed through the unique process of <a href="Cytosolic_ciliogenesis" title="Cytosolic ciliogenesis">cytosolic ciliogenesis</a>, in which all or part of the sperm tail's <a href="Axoneme" title="Axoneme">axoneme</a> is formed in the <a href="Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> or gets exposed to the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-Avidor-Reiss_&_Leroux_2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avidor-Reiss_&_Leroux_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_sperm" title="Female sperm">Female sperm</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_sperm_storage" title="Female sperm storage">Female sperm storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyspermy" title="Polyspermy">Polyspermy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">Sperm competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sperm_granuloma" title="Sperm granuloma">Sperm granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoitrelleGuthauserAlterBailly2013" class="citation journal cs1">Boitrelle, F; Guthauser, B; Alter, L; Bailly, M; Wainer, R; Vialard, F; Albert, M; Selva, J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346294">"The nature of human sperm head vacuoles: a systematic literature review"</a>. <i>Basic Clin Androl</i>. <b>23</b> 3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2051-4190-23-3">10.1186/2051-4190-23-3</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346294">4346294</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25780567">25780567</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawcett, D. W. (1981) Sperm Flagellum. In: The Cell. D. W. Fawcett. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company. 14: pp. 604-640.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (2017). "Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects." Bi</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIshijimaOshioMohri1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ishijima, Sumio; Oshio, Shigeru; Mohri, Hideo (1986). "<i>Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa</i>". <i>Gamete Research</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">185–</span>197. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.1120130302">10.1002/mrd.1120130302</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Fishman_et_al_2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFishmanJoNguyenKong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fishman, Emily L; Jo, Kyoung; Nguyen, Quynh P. H; Kong, Dong; Royfman, Rachel; Cekic, Anthony R; Khanal, Sushil; Miller, Ann L; Simerly, Calvin; Schatten, Gerald; Loncarek, Jadranka; Mennella, Vito; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5992222">"A novel atypical sperm centriole is functional during human fertilization"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 2210. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.2210F">2018NatCo...9.2210F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04678-8">10.1038/s41467-018-04678-8</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5992222">5992222</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880810">29880810</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Maheshwari-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maheshwari_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari_R1999" class="citation journal cs1">Maheshwari R (1999). "Microconidia of Neurospora crassa". <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ffgbi.1998.1103">10.1006/fgbi.1998.1103</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10072316">10072316</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAvidor-ReissKhireFishmanJo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Avidor-Reiss, T; Khire, A; Fishman, EL; Jo, KH (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381714">"Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction"</a>. <i>Front Cell Dev Biol</i>. <b>3</b>: 21. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcell.2015.00021">10.3389/fcell.2015.00021</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381714">4381714</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25883936">25883936</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlachonCaiRobertsYang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Blachon, S.; Cai, X.; Roberts, K. A.; Yang, K.; Polyanovsky, A.; Church, A.; Avidor-Reiss, T. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674812">"A Proximal Centriole-Like Structure Is Present in Drosophila Spermatids and Can Serve as a Model to Study Centriole Duplication"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>182</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>44. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.109.101709">10.1534/genetics.109.101709</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674812">2674812</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19293139">19293139</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Avidor-Reiss_&_Leroux_2015-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avidor-Reiss_&_Leroux_2015_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAvidor-ReissLeroux2015" class="citation journal cs1">Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Leroux, Michel R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857621">"Shared and Distinct Mechanisms of Compartmentalized and Cytosolic Ciliogenesis"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (23): R1143–50. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25R1143A">2015CBio...25R1143A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.001">10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.001</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857621">5857621</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26654377">26654377</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Fawcett, D. W. (1981). "Sperm Flagellum". In: D. W. Fawcett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cell0000fawc/mode/2up"><i>The Cell</i>, 2nd ed</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(registration required)</span>. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cell0000fawc/page/604/mode/2up">pp. 604–640</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(registration required)</span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780721635842</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993416586">993416586</a>.</li>

<li>Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/97/4/522/4097575">"Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects"</a>. <i>Biol Reprod</i> 97(4): 522–536. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolre%2Fiox096">10.1093/biolre/iox096</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sperm" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Sperm">Sperm</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvnEsOaKxuw&NR=1">Human Sperm Under a Microscope</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Male_reproductive_system86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Seminal_tract" title="Seminal tract">Seminal tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Layers

<ul><li><a href="Tunica_vaginalis" title="Tunica vaginalis">Tunica vaginalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_albuginea_of_testis" title="Tunica albuginea of testis">Tunica albuginea</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_vasculosa_testis" title="Tunica vasculosa testis">Tunica vasculosa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Appendix_of_testis" title="Appendix of testis">Appendix</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediastinum_testis" title="Mediastinum testis">Mediastinum</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobules_of_testis" title="Lobules of testis">Lobules</a></li>

<li><a href="Septa_of_testis" title="Septa of testis">Septa</a></li>

<li><a href="Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood%E2%80%93testis_barrier" title="Blood–testis barrier">Blood–testis barrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">Spermatogonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatocytogenesis" title="Spermatocytogenesis">Spermatocytogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">Spermatocyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatidogenesis" title="Spermatidogenesis">Spermatidogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatid" title="Spermatid">Spermatid</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermiogenesis" title="Spermiogenesis">Spermiogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">Spermatozoon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Seminiferous_tubule" title="Seminiferous tubule">Seminiferous tubules</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tubuli_seminiferi_recti" title="Tubuli seminiferi recti">Tubuli seminiferi recti</a></li>

<li><a href="Rete_testis" title="Rete testis">Retia testes</a></li>

<li><a href="Efferent_ducts" title="Efferent ducts">Efferent ducts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Epididymis" title="Epididymis">Epididymides</a>

<ul><li><a href="Appendix_of_the_epididymis" title="Appendix of the epididymis">Appendix</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_ligament_of_epididymis" title="Inferior ligament of epididymis">Inferior ligaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Superior_ligament_of_epididymis" title="Superior ligament of epididymis">Superior ligaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereocilia_(epididymis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereocilia (epididymis)">Stereocilia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paradidymis" title="Paradidymis">Paradidymides</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">Spermatic cords</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">Pampiniform plexus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vasa deferentia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ampulla_of_ductus_deferens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of ductus deferens">Ampullae</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rectovesical_pouch" title="Rectovesical pouch">Rectovesical pouch</a></li>

<li><a href="Testicular_artery" title="Testicular artery">Testicular arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Testicular_vein" title="Testicular vein">Testicular veins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Male_accessory_gland" title="Male accessory gland">Accessory glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Excretory duct of seminal gland">Excretory duct</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urethral_crest" title="Urethral crest">Urethral crest</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminal_colliculus" title="Seminal colliculus">Seminal colliculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejaculatory_duct" title="Ejaculatory duct">Ejaculatory ducts</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostatic_sinus" title="Prostatic sinus">Sinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostatic_ducts" title="Prostatic ducts">Ducts</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostatic_utricle" title="Prostatic utricle">Utricle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bulbourethral_gland" title="Bulbourethral gland">Bulbourethral glands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Male_external_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Male external genitalia">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crus_of_penis" title="Crus of penis">Crura</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundiform_ligament" title="Fundiform ligament">Fundiform ligament</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspensory_ligament_of_penis" title="Suspensory ligament of penis">Suspensory ligament</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">Corpora cavernosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabeculae_of_corpora_cavernosa_of_penis" title="Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis">Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Corpus_spongiosum_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus spongiosum penis">Corpus spongiosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabeculae_of_corpus_spongiosum_of_penis" title="Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis">Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">Glans</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foreskin" title="Foreskin">Foreskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of prepuce of penis">Frenulum</a></li>

<li><a href="Corona_of_glans_penis" title="Corona of glans penis">Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Septum_glandis" title="Septum glandis">Septum glandis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Penile_raphe" title="Penile raphe">Raphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Subcutaneous_tissue_of_penis" title="Subcutaneous tissue of penis">Superficial</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_albuginea_(penis)" title="Tunica albuginea (penis)">Tunica albuginea</a></li>

<li><a href="Septum_of_the_penis" title="Septum of the penis">Septum</a></li>

<li>Arteries

<ul><li><a href="Artery_of_bulb_of_penis" title="Artery of bulb of penis">Arteries of bulb</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorsal_artery_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal artery of the penis">Dorsal arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_artery_of_the_penis" title="Deep artery of the penis">Deep arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">Internal pudendal artery</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Veins

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_veins_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal veins of penis">Dorsal veins</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">Internal pudendal veins</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Nerves

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_nerve_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal nerve of the penis">Dorsal nerves</a></li>

<li><a href="Pudendal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudendal nerves">Pudendal nerves</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internal_urethral_sphincter" title="Internal urethral sphincter">Internal urethral sphincter</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_urethral_orifice" title="Internal urethral orifice">Internal urethral orifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-prostatic_urethra" title="Pre-prostatic urethra">Pre-prostatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostatic_urethra" title="Prostatic urethra">Prostatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Membranous_urethra" title="Membranous urethra">Intermediate</a></li>

<li><a href="Spongy_urethra" title="Spongy urethra">Spongy</a></li>

<li><a href="External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of male urethra">External sphincter muscle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Navicular_fossa_of_male_urethra" title="Navicular fossa of male urethra">Navicular fossa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lacuna_magna" title="Lacuna magna">Lacuna magna</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">External urethral orifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacunae_of_Morgagni" title="Lacunae of Morgagni">Lacunae of Morgagni</a></li>

<li><a href="Urethral_gland" title="Urethral gland">Urethral glands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Layers

<li><a href="Dartos_fascia" title="Dartos fascia">Dartos fascia</a></li>

<li><a href="External_spermatic_fascia" title="External spermatic fascia">External spermatic fascia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cremaster_muscle" title="Cremaster muscle">Cremaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Cremasteric_fascia" title="Cremasteric fascia">Cremasteric fascia</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_spermatic_fascia" title="Internal spermatic fascia">Internal spermatic fascia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scrotal_ligament" title="Scrotal ligament">Ligament</a></li>

<li>Raphe</li>

<li><a href="Scrotal_septum" title="Scrotal septum">Septum</a></li>

<li>Arteries

<ul><li><a href="Anterior_scrotal_arteries" title="Anterior scrotal arteries">Anterior scrotal arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_scrotal_arteries" title="Posterior scrotal arteries">Posterior scrotal arteries</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Nerves

<ul><li><a href="Anterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Anterior scrotal nerves">Anterior scrotal nerves</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Posterior scrotal nerves">Posterior scrotal nerves</a></li>

<li><a href="Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">Perineal nerve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_scrotal_veins" title="Posterior scrotal veins">Posterior scrotal veins</a></li></ul>

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